Д¬amouflage properties for military textiles can come in the form of clothing, light flexible nets, garnishing and covers. Although the desired colors may differ based on the wearerвЂ™s environment, modern camouflage textiles are typically olive, green, khaki, brown and black. With advancements in long-range weaponry and visual detection equipment at the beginning of the 20th century, the purpose of military uniforms was now to blend into the soldierвЂ™s background. Historically, military textiles for close-range battle were colorful and bright, intended for enemy intimidation and regimental identification. Textiles must also adhere to military textile standard specifications/requirements such as colorfastness to light, washing, and perspiration to ensure changes to visible or infrared concealment are not compromised in use or as a result of cleaning. In addition, these textiles must provide camouflage and concealment under various environmental conditions and, thus, a range of wavelengths on the electromagnetic spectrum, especially the visible region (400вЂ“800 nm), near-infrared region (NIR) (750вЂ“1200 nm), and thermal or far-infrared region (FIR) (3вЂ“5 and 8вЂ“14 Ојm). In particular, textiles for military applications require durability, resistance to ballistic threats and environmental conditions (e.g., ultraviolet (UV) light, moisture, fire, heat, and wind), all while being comfortable and lightweight. TodayвЂ™s protective textiles must defend against a multitude of threats and fulfill a variety of functional requirements. We propose novel fabrication technology combinations using various microfabrication techniques (e.g., three-dimensional (3D) printing microfluidics machine learning) to improve the visible and IR signature management of protective textiles and discuss possible challenges in terms of compatibility with the different textile performance requirements. This study presents a review of current smart textile technologies for visible and IR signature control of protective textiles, including coloration techniques, chromic materials, conductive polymers, and phase change materials.

Smart textiles, which can monitor and react to the textile wearer or environmental stimuli, have been applied to protective textiles to improve camouflage in the IR spectral range. With improvements in infrared sensing technology, the focus of protective textile research and development has shifted solely from providing visible camouflage to providing camouflage in the infrared (IR) region. Similar requirements may exist for other applications, for instance hunting. In addition, these textiles must provide camouflage and concealment under various environmental conditions and, thus, a range of wavelengths on the electromagnetic spectrum.

Protective textiles used for military applications must fulfill a variety of functional requirements, including durability, resistance to environmental conditions and ballistic threats, all while being comfortable and lightweight.

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